73 research outputs found
Isotope and density profile effects on pedestal neoclassical transport
Cross-field neoclassical transport of heat, particles and momentum is studied
in sharp density pedestals, with a focus on isotope and profile effects, using
a radially global approach. Global effects -- which tend to reduce the peak ion
heat flux, and shift it outward -- increase with isotope mass for fixed
profiles. The heat flux reduction exhibits a saturation with a favorable
isotopic trend. A significant part of the heat flux can be convective even in
pure plasmas, unlike in the plasma core, and it is sensitive to how momentum
sources are distributed between the various species. In particular, if only ion
momentum sources are allowed, in global simulations of pure plasmas the ion
particle flux remains close to its local value, while this may not be the case
for simulations with isotope mixtures or electron momentum sources. The radial
angular momentum transport that is a finite orbit width effect, is found to be
strongly correlated with heat sources.Comment: 17 pages, 15 figure
Neoclassical flows in deuterium-helium plasma density pedestals
In tokamak transport barriers, the radial scale of profile variations can be
comparable to a typical ion orbit width, which makes the coupling of the
distribution function across flux surfaces important in the collisional
dynamics. We use the radially global steady-state neoclassical {\delta}f code
Perfect to calculate poloidal and toroidal flows, and radial fluxes, in the
pedestal. In particular, we have studied the changes in these quantities as the
plasma composition is changed from a deuterium bulk species with a helium
impurity to a helium bulk with a deuterium impurity, under specific profile
similarity assumptions. The poloidally resolved radial fluxes are not
divergence-free in isolation in the presence of sharp radial profile
variations, which leads to the appearance of poloidal return-flows. These flows
exhibit a complex radial-poloidal structure that extends several orbit widths
into the core and is sensitive to abrupt radial changes in the ion temperature
gradient. We find that a sizable neoclassical toroidal angular momentum
transport can arise in the radially global theory, in contrast to the local.Comment: 14 pages, 19 figure
Optimization of flux-surface density variation in stellarator plasmas with respect to the transport of collisional impurities
Avoiding impurity accumulation is a requirement for steady-state stellarator
operation. The accumulation of impurities can be heavily affected by variations
in their density on the flux-surface. Using recently derived semi-analytic
expressions for the transport of a collisional impurity species with high-
and flux-surface density-variation in the presence of a low-collisionality bulk
ion species, we numerically optimize the impurity density-variation on the
flux-surface to minimize the radial peaking factor of the impurities. These
optimized density-variations can reduce the core impurity density by
(with the impurity charge number) in the Large Helical Device case
considered here, and by in a Wendelstein 7-X standard configuration
case. On the other hand, when the same procedure is used to find
density-variations that maximize the peaking factor, it is notably increased
compared to the case with no density-variation. This highlights the potential
importance of measuring and controlling these variations in experiments.Comment: 19 figures, 17 pages. Accepted into Nuclear Fusio
Collisional transport in edge transport barriers and stellarators
Nuclear fusion has the potential to generate abundant and clean energy. In magnetic confinement fusion, the temperatures needed to achieve fusion are obtained by confining a hot plasma with magnetic fields. To maintain these hot temperatures and realize the potential of fusion, an understanding of transport mechanisms of particles and energy in these plasmas is needed. This thesis theoretically investigates two aspects of collisional transport in magnetically confined fusion plasmas: the collisional transport in tokamak transport barriers and of highly-charged impurities in stellarators.The tokamak and the stellarator are the two most developed solutions to magnetically confining a plasma. Tokamaks frequently operate in a regime (the \emph{H-mode}) with a transport barrier near the edge of the plasma, in which turbulence is spontaneously reduced. This leads to reduced energy and particle transport and sharp temperature and density gradients. These sharp gradients challenge the modeling capabilities based on the conventional theory of collisional transport, which relies on the assumption that the density, temperature, and electrostatic potential of the plasma do not vary strongly over a particle orbit. This thesis explores an extension of the conventional theory that accounts for these effects, by means of numerical simulations.Another limit that challenges the conventional assumptions is when the density of an impurity varies along the magnetic field. This happens for heavy impurities, such as iron or tungsten, which can enter the plasma from interactions with the walls of the reactor. Due to their high charge, these impurities are sensitive to even slight variations in electrostatic potential in the plasma, which causes their density to vary along the magnetic field. This density variation can qualitatively affect how the impurities are transported. This is explored in the latter half of this thesis, with an eye towards how this effect could be used to prevent impurities from accumulating in the core of stellarators, where they are detrimental
An adjoint-based method for optimizing MHD equilibria against the infinite-n, ideal ballooning mode
We demonstrate a fast adjoint-based method to optimize tokamak and
stellarator equilibria against a pressure-driven instability known as the
infinite- ideal ballooning mode. We present three finite- (the ratio
of thermal to magnetic pressure) equilibria: one tokamak equilibrium and two
stellarator equilibria that are unstable against the ballooning mode. Using the
self-adjoint property of ideal MHD, we construct a technique to rapidly
calculate the change in the growth rate, a measure of ideal ballooning
instability. Using the~\texttt{SIMSOPT} framework, we then implement our fast
adjoint gradient-based optimizer to minimize the growth rate and find stable
equilibria for each of the three initially unstable equilibria.Comment: 24 pages, 8 tables, 9 figure
Optimization of Nonlinear Turbulence in Stellarators
We present new stellarator equilibria that have been optimized for reduced
turbulent transport using nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations within the
optimization loop. The optimization routine involves coupling the
pseudo-spectral GPU-native gyrokinetic code GX with the stellarator equilibrium
and optimization code DESC. Since using GX allows for fast nonlinear
simulations, we directly optimize for reduced nonlinear heat fluxes. To handle
the noisy heat flux traces returned by these simulations, we employ the
simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation (SPSA) method that only uses
two objective function evaluations for a simple estimate of the gradient. We
show several examples that optimize for both reduced heat fluxes and good
quasisymmetry as a proxy for low neoclassical transport. Finally, we run full
transport simulations using T3D to evaluate the changes in the macroscopic
profiles
Influence of magnetic fields on magneto-aerotaxis
The response of cells to changes in their physico-chemical micro-environment is essential to their survival. For example, bacterial magnetotaxis uses the Earth's magnetic field together with chemical sensing to help microorganisms move towards favoured habitats. The studies of such complex responses are lacking a method that permits the simultaneous mapping of the chemical environment and the response of the organisms, and the ability to generate a controlled physiological magnetic field. We have thus developed a multi-modal microscopy platform that fulfils these requirements. Using simultaneous fluorescence and high-speed imaging in conjunction with diffusion and aerotactic models, we characterized the magneto-aerotaxis of Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense. We assessed the influence of the magnetic field (orientation; strength) on the formation and the dynamic of a micro-aerotactic band (size, dynamic, position). As previously described by models of magnetotaxis, the application of a magnetic field pointing towards the anoxic zone of an oxygen gradient results in an enhanced aerotaxis even down to Earth's magnetic field strength. We found that neither a ten-fold increase of the field strength nor a tilt of 45° resulted in a significant change of the aerotactic efficiency. However, when the field strength is zeroed or when the field angle is tilted to 90°, the magneto-aerotaxis efficiency is drastically reduced. The classical model of magneto-aerotaxis assumes a response proportional to the cosine of the angle difference between the directions of the oxygen gradient and that of the magnetic field. Our experimental evidence however shows that this behaviour is more complex than assumed in this model, thus opening up new avenues for research
COLECCIONES FOTOGRÁFICAS DEL MUSEO Y PARQUE ARQUEOLÓGICO CUEVA PINTADA [Material gráfico]
Copia digital. Madrid : Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte. Subdirección General de Coordinación Bibliotecaria, 201
RNA helicase signaling is critical for type I interferon production and protection against rift valley fever virus during mucosal challenge
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an emerging RNA virus with devastating economic and social consequences. Clinically, RVFV induces a gamut of symptoms ranging from febrile illness to retinitis, hepatic necrosis, hemorrhagic fever, and death. It is known that type I interferon (IFN) responses can be protective against severe pathology; however, it is unknown which innate immune receptor pathways are crucial for mounting this response. Using both in vitro assays and in vivo mucosal mouse challenge, we demonstrate here that RNA helicases are critical for IFN production by immune cells and that signaling through the helicase adaptor molecule MAVS (mitochondrial antiviral signaling) is protective against mortality and more subtle pathology during RVFV infection. In addition, we demonstrate that Toll-like-receptor-mediated signaling is not involved in IFN production, further emphasizing the importance of the RNA cellular helicases in type I IFN responses to RVFV
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